Resumen Los objetivos fueron evaluar el nivel de procrastinación académica del estudiantado de medicina del Paraguay en 2022 y describir sus características sociodemográficas. Se realizó un estudio observacional, de corte transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario de García-Martínez y Silva (2019)constituido por 22 preguntas basadas en la escala de Likert, el cual fue difundido por las redes sociales de estudiantes de universidades públicas y privadas del Paraguay entre mayo y octubre 2022 . El nivel de procrastinación se determinó por las dimensiones postergación de tareas, autorregulación académica e influencia de la tecnología, además, se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas. Las variables fueron sometidas a un análisis factorial exploratorio para indagar las dimensiones subyacentes, constructos o variables latentes observadas. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Se encuestaron 188 estudiantes, con predominio del sexo femenino (64.9%). La edad media fue 24 ± 4 años, un 31.9% reside en Asunción, 81.4% carece de ingresos económicos propios. En conclusión, se detectó procrastinación en 73 estudiantes (38.8%) de medicina. Se recomienda investigar las causas de esta situación.

Abstract As main objectives, this research aims to determine the level of academic procrastination of medical students in Paraguay in 2022 and describe their sociodemographic characteristics. For this, the researchers conducted an observational cross-sectional study. Likewise, they applied the García-Martínez and Silva (2019) questionnaire, which was disseminated through the social networks of students from public and private universities in Paraguay between May and October 2022. Procrastination was determined with the dimensions of task postponement, academic self-regulation and the influence of technology using 22 questions, answered with a scale of Likert. Sociodemographic variables were also evaluated. The variables were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis to investigate the underlying dimensions, constructs, or latent variables observed. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. The researchers surveyed 188 students, with a predominance of females (64.9%). The average age was 24 ± 4 years, 31.9% reside in Asunción, and 81.4% lack their own economic income. Procrastination was detected in 73 students (38.8%). In conclusion, procrastination was detected in 38.8% of medical students; therefore, it is recommended to investigate the causes of this situation.

ABSTRACT The local cacao varieties prevalent in the Atlantic Forest region in Bahia, Brazil, have been multiplied by farmers with seedlings produced by the most productive plants. However, these plants have not been evaluated for resistance to Ceratocystis wilt. Thus, in the present study, the resistance levels of different genotypes of local cacao varieties were assessed, aimed at their use in breeding for resistance to this disease. Leaf disks from 119 cacao genotypes, locally named as varieties ‘Common’ (49 genotypes), ‘Maranhão’ (34), and ‘Pará’ (36), were inoculated with Ceratocystis cacaofunesta. Based on the mean number of perithecia formed on those disks, different cacao genetic groups were defined according to the Scott-Knott test. For the three varieties, most genotypes were classified together with the resistance control variety (‘Jaca’), while less than one third of the genotypes were classified together with the susceptible control (CCN51). Therefore, there is variability for resistance to Ceratocystis wilt among the local cacao varieties, and resistant genotypes will be useful in breeding aimed at resistance to this disease.

RESUMO As variedades locais de cacau predominantes na Região de Mata Atlântica na Bahia, Brasil, vêm sendo multiplicadas pelos agricultores a partir de mudas produzidas com sementes das plantas mais produtivas. No entanto, essas plantas não têm sido avaliadas quanto à resistência à Murcha de Ceratocystis. Desta forma, nesta pesquisa, os níveis de resistência de diferentes genótipos de variedades locais de cacaueiro foram avaliados, visando à sua utilização no melhoramento para resistência a essa doença. Discos foliares de 119 acessos de cacaueiro, localmente denominados de variedade Comum (49 acessos), Maranhão (34) e Pará (36), foram inoculadas com Ceratocystis cacaofunesta. Com base no número médio de peritécios formados nesses discos, foram definidos diferentes grupos genéticos de cacau dentre os genótipos testados por meio do teste de Scott-Knott. As três variedades apresentaram a maioria dos genótipos classificados juntamente com a variedade controle de resistência (‘Jaca’), sendo que menos de um terço dos genótipos foram classificados junto com o controle suscetível (CCN51). Conclui-se que há variabilidade para resistência à Murcha de Ceratocystis nas variedades locais de cacau, sendo os genótipos resistentes úteis ao melhoramento visando resistência a essa doença.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The accelerated spread of SARS-CoV-2 brought about a worldwide crisis, and a series of studies and recommendations to manage it. Before the pandemic, studies evidence a high prevalence of self-medication in university students. Objective: To identify the frequency and characteristics of self-medication against COVID-19 with drugs and/or medicinal plants in students of the National University of the Peruvian Amazon (UNAP), Iquitos, Loreto-Peru, during the first wave of COVID-19. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 338 students using a semi-structured ad-hoc survey with questions distributed in 3 dimensions: sociodemographic characteristics, characteristics of COVID-19, and characteristics of the use of drugs/medicinal plants. Results: The mean age was 22.39 years (SD ± 5.59), female sex predominated with 61.2 % (n=207), and 55.3 % (n=187) presented symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. In addition, 76.9% (n=260) used medication, distributed from highest to lowest 65.4% (n=170) drugs and plants, 25.8% (n=67) only plants, and 8.8% (n=23) only drugs; 79.2% (n=206) used self-medication. The main drugs used were dexamethasone, paracetamol, azithromycin, and ivermectin. The main medicinal plants used were eucalyptus, kion, chamomile, and matico. There was a probable association between self-medication and a history of symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 (p=0.001, 95% CI), and COVID-19 contact (p=0.011, 95% CI). Conclusion: Among students of a university in the Peruvian Amazon, a high prevalence and factors associated with self-medication with drugs and medicinal plants were identified.

RESUMEN Introducción: La expansión acelerada del SARS-CoV-2 trajo consigo una crisis mundial, y una serie de estudios y recomendaciones para manejarlo; mientras que estudios previos a la pandemia, evidencia elevada prevalencia de automedicación en estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia y características de automedicación contra la COVID-19 con fármacos y/o plantas medicinales en los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Loreto-Perú, durante la primera ola por COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 338 estudiantes mediante una encuesta semiestructurada ad-hoc con preguntas distribuidas en 3 dimensiones: características sociodemográficas, características de COVID-19 y características del uso de fármacos/plantas medicinales. Resultados: El promedio de la edad fue 22,39 años (DE ± 5,59), predomino el sexo femenino con 61,2 % (n=207), el 55,3% (n=187) presentaron síntomas sugestivos de COVID-19. Además, el 76,9% (n=260) utilizaron medicación, distribuido de mayor a menor 65,4 % (n=170) fármacos y plantas, 25,8 % (n=67) solo plantas, y 8,8 % (n=23) solo fármacos; incurrieron en automedicación el 79,2% (n=206). Los principales fármacos empleados fueron dexametasona, paracetamol, azitromicina, e ivermectina. Las plantas medicinales principalmente empleadas fueron eucalipto, kion, manzanilla y matico. Se presentó probable asociación a la automedicación con antecedente de síntomas sugestivos de COVID-19 (p=0.001, IC 95%), y contacto de COVID-19 (p=0,011, IC 95%). Conclusión: Entre los estudiantes de una universidad de la Amazonía Peruana, se identificó elevada prevalencia y los factores asociados a la automedicación con fármacos y plantas medicinales.

Resumen Objetivos: Conocer el estado actual de la práctica de la neuropsicología en Ecuador a través de la administración de una encuesta online. Métodos: Un total de 48 profesionales que trabajan en el campo de la neuropsicología completaron una encuesta online entre agosto del 2018 hasta diciembre del 2019. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes fueron mujeres (62.5%) y con una media de edad de 37.23. El 87.5% reporta haber recibido entrenamiento en neuropsicología en postgrado. La mayoría está empleada en práctica privada, universidades y/o clínicas, y reportan estar satisfechos con su trabajo. Los diagnósticos tratados con mayor frecuencia son el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH), problemas de aprendizaje y trastornos de lenguaje. Las tres principales barreras identificadas para el desarrollo de la neuropsicología son la falta de programas de formación académica, la falta de programas de formación clínica y la falta de disposición para colaborar entre los profesionales. Conclusiones: La práctica de la neuropsicología en Ecuador está a la par con la de Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, ciertos cambios son necesarios como, incrementar los programas académicos y clínicos de entrenamiento en el área, formalizar regulaciones que garanticen calidad y estándares en la práctica, y continuar baremando y validando pruebas neuropsicológicas en el país.

Abstract Objectives: To explore the current state of neuropsychology practice in Ecuador through the administration of an online survey. Methods: A total of 48 professionals working in the field of neuropsychology completed an online survey between August 2018 and December 2019. Results: The majority of the participants were female (62.5%), with a mean age of 37.23. 87.5% report having received postgraduate neuropsychology training. Most are employed in private practice, universities and/or clinics, and report being satisfied with their work. The most commonly treated diagnoses are Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities and language disorders. The three main barriers identified for the development of neuropsychology are the lack of academic training programs, the lack of clinical training programs and the lack of willingness to collaborate among professionals. Conclusions: The practice of neuropsychology in Ecuador is on par with that of Latin America. However, certain changes are needed, such as increasing academic and clinical training programs in the area, formalizing regulations that guarantee quality and standards in practice, and continuing to standardize and validate neuropsychological tests in the country.

RESUMEN El afrecho de arroz es un subproducto de las industrias que posee importantes valores nutricionales, por lo que puede considerarse como alternativa para incluirlas dentro de un programa alimenticio de ovinos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la sustitución parcial del maíz molido por afrecho de arroz sobre los parámetros productivos de borregas en confinamiento. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y tres repeticiones, cada repetición estuvo compuesta por 2 borregas, totalizando así 12 unidades experimentales (24 animales de 26 ± 2kg PV y en promedio). Los tratamientos consistieron en la sustitución parcial del maíz molido por afrecho de arroz en la dieta. Los niveles fueron 0% para T1, 15% para T2, 30% para T3 y 45% para T4. Las raciones contenían además expeller de soja, sal mineral, urea, carbonato de calcio y heno de Pangola (Digitaria decumbens) como fuente de voluminoso. La duración del experimento fue de 56 días. Los pesajes y ajuste de ración fueron realizados cada 14 días. Los datos recabados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza (ANAVA) al 5% probabilidad de error. Los resultados obtenidos indican que no existieron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables ganancia diaria de peso, ganancia total de peso, consumo y conversión alimenticia, con valores promedios de 200 g.dia-1, 10,8 kg, 4,7% y 7,4 respectivamente. Por lo tanto, se puede inferir que es factible la utilización de afrecho de arroz en sustitución del maíz molido hasta un 45% sin afectar los parámetros productivos evaluados.

ABSTRACT The rice bran is a by-product of the rice industries that has important nutritional values and can therefore be considered as an alternative to include them in a sheep's food program. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of ground corn by rice bran on productive parameters of sheep in feedlot. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and three repetitions, each repetition was composed of 2 ewes, thus totaling 12 experimental units (24 animals of 26 ± 2kg PV on average). The treatments consisted of the partial substitution of ground corn for rice bran in the diet. The levels were 0% for T1, 15% for T2, 30% for T3 and 45% for T4. The rations also contained soybean expeller, mineral salt, urea, calcium carbonate and Pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as a voluminous source. The duration of the experiment was 56 days. The weightings and ration adjustment were made every 14 days. The data collected were subjected to an Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% error probability. The results obtained indicate that there were no significant statistical differences in the variables daily weight gain, total weight gain, intake and feed conversion ratio, with average values of 200 g.dia-1, 10.8 kg, 4.7% and 7.4 respectively. Therefore, it can be inferred that it is feasible to use rice bran instead of ground corn up to 45% without affecting the productive parameters evaluated.

Abstract The methods of modelling and simulation of casting processes are carried out by means of software. This allows a reduction of time and costs in technological tests. As fundamental part of any casting mould is the feeding system, a component of the design on which the correct filling and solidification of the part depends. The aim of this work was to evaluate the feeding system of a permanent metal mould by gravity casting to obtain an aluminum alloy piston for an internal combustion engine, using CAD/CAE software for its modelling and simulation by finite elements. A modification was evaluated, simulated and proposed to provide a viable and economical solution, obtaining a satisfactory filling and solidification cycle that minimizes the current rejects of the original mould. The simulation of the proposal is in correspondence with the experiments carried out physically.

Resumen Los métodos de modelado y simulación de procesos de fundición se realizan a través de softwares. Esto permite una reducción de tiempo y costos en pruebas tecnológicas. Como parte fundamental de cualquier molde de fundición está el sistema de alimentación, componente del diseño del cual depende el correcto llenado y solidificación de la pieza. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el sistema de alimentación de un molde permanente metálico por fundición a gravedad para la obtención de un pistón de aleación de aluminio de motor de combustión interna, usando los softwares CAD/CAE para su modelación y simulación por elementos finitos. Se evaluó, simuló y planteó una modificación para dar una solución viable y económica, obteniendo un satisfactorio ciclo de llenado y solidificación que permite reducir al mínimo los rechazos actuales del molde original. La simulación de la propuesta está en correspondencia con los experimentos realizados físicamente.

ABSTRACT Background Fractures of the maxillofacial complex constitute about half of all fractures, and in a large number of patients they are associated with other fractures and injuries. The etiology is varied, and requires fast, accurate, and timely diagnosis and treatment. The study of this entity is relevant to know its characteristics as part of emergency care; as well as its clinical and social implications. Objective to describe the behavior of maxillofacial fractures in patients treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery service of Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana. Methods a descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in the Maxillofacial Surgery service of the Princess Marina Hospital, in Gaborone, Botswana, from June 2018 to June 2020. All patients (N = 423) with diagnosis were included of maxillofacial trauma, and consequently, of some type of fracture of this part of the body. Absolute and relative frequency tables were used to show the information. Results 423 patients with maxillofacial fractures were attended, among which the male sex predominated. The age group most affected was 26-35 years old; interpersonal violence, the most frequent cause; and skull injuries and fractures, the most common associated injuries. Conclusion Results were similar to other published studies. Interpersonal violence exceeded traffic accidents as the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures.

RESUMEN Fundamento Las fracturas del complejo maxilofacial constituyen cerca de la mitad de todas las fracturas, y en un gran número de pacientes se asocian a otras fracturas y lesiones. La etiología es variada, y exigen diagnóstico y tratamiento rápidos, precisos y oportunos. Resulta relevante el estudio de esta entidad, para conocer sus características como parte de la atención de urgencias; así como sus implicaciones clínica y social. Objetivo describir el comportamiento de las fracturas maxilofaciales en pacientes atendidos en el servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Princess Marina Hospital, de Gaborone, Botswana. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, en el servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Princess Marina Hospital, en Gaborone, Botswana, durante el período de junio de 2018 a junio de 2020. Fueron incluidos todos los pacientes (N=423) con diagnóstico de trauma maxilofacial, y por consiguiente, de algún tipo de fractura de esta parte del cuerpo. Para la presentación de la información se utilizaron tablas de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados se atendieron 423 pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales, entre los cuales predominó el sexo masculino. El grupo de edades más afectado fue el de 26-35 años; la violencia interpersonal, la causa más frecuente; y las heridas y fracturas de cráneo, las lesiones asociadas más comunes. Conclusión Se observó similitud de los resultados respecto a otros estudios publicados. La violencia interpersonal superó a los accidentes del tránsito como la causa más frecuente de fracturas maxilofaciales.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic produced a reorganization of health systems and, in particular, affected the provision of services for people with psychosocial disabilities in a way that was pending an analysis in Argentina. The objective was to characterize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on services aimed at people with psychosocial disabilities in the cities of Rosario (Santa Fe), Resistencia (Chaco) and the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires from the perspective of their workers during 2020-2021 METHODS An exploratory and descriptive study was carried out by interviewing 53 workers from three types of rehabilitation services (aimed at providing support for socialization, for work or for housing) in two moments (November-December 2020 and April-June 2021). Frequencies were calculated and a thematic analysis was performed RESULTS The impact on services was broad and long-lasting, they became less accessible and effective in contributing to rehabilitation. Common aspects such as the new centrality of technology, massive adaptations and deep subjective impact on workers marked by fatigue were observed. Within a year of the pandemic, two-thirds of socialization-oriented services were still severely affected or closed DISCUSSION From the description and analysis of how the rehabilitation services were affected, the question remains regarding their future and how the mental health reform will unfold.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN La pandemia de COVID-19 alteró el funcionamiento de los sistemas de salud y, particularmente, la provisión de servicios destinados a personas con discapacidad psicosocial de un modo pendiente de análisis en Argentina. El objetivo fue caracterizar los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios de atención dirigidos a personas con discapacidad psicosocial en Rosario (Santa Fe), Resistencia (Chaco) y el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires desde la perspectiva de sus trabajadores durante 2020-2021 MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo a partir de entrevistas a 53 trabajadores de tres tipos de servicios de rehabilitación (orientados a dar apoyo para la socialización, el trabajo o la vivienda), en dos momentos (fin de 2020 y mediados de 2021). Se calcularon frecuencias y se realizó un análisis temático RESULTADOS Hubo una afectación amplia y duradera de los servicios, que se tornaron menos accesibles y eficaces para contribuir a la rehabilitación. Se observaron aspectos comunes, como la adaptación para seguir funcionando, la centralidad de la tecnología y el impacto subjetivo en los trabajadores, marcado por el cansancio. Al año de la pandemia, dos tercios de los servicios orientados a la socialización estaban muy afectados o cerrados DISCUSIÓN A partir de la descripción y análisis de cómo se vieron afectados los servicios de rehabilitación, se abre el interrogante respecto de su futuro y el rumbo que tomará la reforma en salud mental. ^s+

Abstract: Children, adolescents and young people at the family level are exposed to a variety of risk factors such as street drugs. One of them, smoking, must be reconciled from a legal approach to mitigate this situation within the family. The purpose of this paper is to describe the family influence on smoking and its consequences from the epidemiological, legal and social point of view. Family history of smoking has a significant influence on tobacco consumption.

Resumen Los niños y adolescentes se encuentran expuestos al nivel familiar, tienen una diversidad de factores de riesgo y entre ellas se encuentran las drogas porteras. El tabaquismo, desde un enfoque de derecho debe tenerse en cuenta para atenuar esta situación en el marco de la familia. Este trabajo tiene como propósito describir la influencia familiar ante el tabaquismo y las consecuencias que acarrea desde el marco epidemiológico, legal y social.

Resumo Realizou-se revisão sistemática de 25 anos de produção da Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva sobre a temática de Saúde Mental buscando responder se essa produção tinha se modificado ao longo do tempo. Perguntou-se se essas mudanças guardariam alguma relação com a implementação de um novo marco regulatório e legal para essa área assim como com a expansão de serviços públicos e com os estímulos à investigação do tema por Agencias Públicas de financiamento. Analisaram-se 278 artigos originais, apresentados a partir das categorias: transformações socioculturais relacionadas à loucura e sua abordagem; mudanças legislativas; implantação, capilaridade e funcionamento da rede de serviços substitutivos; clínica/cuidado desenvolvido nos serviços substitutivos; o papel e as possibilidades da atenção básica; problemas relacionados ao uso de drogas; saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes; estudos epidemiológicos/categorias psiquiátricas; e outros - nas quais foram incluídas as questões étnico-raciais, de violência, acerca da população idosa, suicídio, bullying e migração. Pode ser observada relação cronológica entre o aumento de publicações e os editais de pesquisa e a expansão de serviços, não parecendo ser da mesma forma em relação ao tema dos cuidados a pessoas com problemas com álcool e outras drogas.

Abstract A systematic review of the 25-year Mental Health production of Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva was performed to identify whether this production had changed over time. We investigated whether these changes would have any relationship with the implementation of a new regulatory and legal framework for this field and the expansion of public services and the promotion of public funding agencies’ investigation on the subject. A total of 278 original papers were analyzed from the following categories: sociocultural transformations related to madness and its approach; legislative changes; implantation, coverage range and operation of the network of substitute services; clinic/care developed in substitute services; the role and possibilities of primary care; drug use-related problems; mental health of children and adolescents; epidemiological studies/psychiatric categories; and others - which included ethnic-racial issues, violence, about the elderly population, suicide, bullying, and migration. A chronological relationship can be observed between the increase in publications and research notices and the expansion of services, not seemingly in the same way concerning care for people with alcohol and other drug problems.

Resumo Realizou-se revisão sistemática de 25 anos de produção da Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva sobre a temática de Saúde Mental buscando responder se essa produção tinha se modificado ao longo do tempo. Perguntou-se se essas mudanças guardariam alguma relação com a implementação de um novo marco regulatório e legal para essa área assim como com a expansão de serviços públicos e com os estímulos à investigação do tema por Agencias Públicas de financiamento. Analisaram-se 278 artigos originais, apresentados a partir das categorias: transformações socioculturais relacionadas à loucura e sua abordagem; mudanças legislativas; implantação, capilaridade e funcionamento da rede de serviços substitutivos; clínica/cuidado desenvolvido nos serviços substitutivos; o papel e as possibilidades da atenção básica; problemas relacionados ao uso de drogas; saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes; estudos epidemiológicos/categorias psiquiátricas; e outros - nas quais foram incluídas as questões étnico-raciais, de violência, acerca da população idosa, suicídio, bullying e migração. Pode ser observada relação cronológica entre o aumento de publicações e os editais de pesquisa e a expansão de serviços, não parecendo ser da mesma forma em relação ao tema dos cuidados a pessoas com problemas com álcool e outras drogas.

Abstract A systematic review of the 25-year Mental Health production of Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva was performed to identify whether this production had changed over time. We investigated whether these changes would have any relationship with the implementation of a new regulatory and legal framework for this field and the expansion of public services and the promotion of public funding agencies’ investigation on the subject. A total of 278 original papers were analyzed from the following categories: sociocultural transformations related to madness and its approach; legislative changes; implantation, coverage range and operation of the network of substitute services; clinic/care developed in substitute services; the role and possibilities of primary care; drug use-related problems; mental health of children and adolescents; epidemiological studies/psychiatric categories; and others - which included ethnic-racial issues, violence, about the elderly population, suicide, bullying, and migration. A chronological relationship can be observed between the increase in publications and research notices and the expansion of services, not seemingly in the same way concerning care for people with alcohol and other drug problems.

Resumen Objetivo. Identificar la existencia de diferencias estadísticas significativas en la aplicación de la gamificación como estrategia didáctica en estudiantes universitarios de una universidad privada de Lima. Metodología. El enfoque empleado fue el cuantitativo con un diseño cuasiexperimental; el método seguido fue el hipotético-deductivo ya que a través de la contrastación de hipótesis se pudo determinar las diferencias existentes en los grupos de trabajo; participaron 72 estudiantes, 35 en el grupo control y 37 en el grupo experimental. La intervención basada en la gamificación tuvo una duración de siete semanas e incluyó actividades empleando diferentes recursos TIC. Resultados. Existen diferencias estadísticas significativas entre el grupo experimental y el grupo control; los alumnos que experimentaron a través de la gamificación muestran mejores resultados. Conclusión. Una correcta intervención pedagógica mediada por las TIC y aplique la gamificación motiva al estudiante a mejorar su aprendizaje.

Abstract Objective: To identify the existence of significant statistical differences in the application of gamification as a teaching strategy with university students of a private university in Lima. Methodology: The approach used was quantitative with a quasi-experimental design. The method followed was the hypothetical-deductive one, since through the hypothesis test it was possible to determine the differences in the work groups. A total of 72 students participated, 35 in the control group and 37 in the experimental group. The gamification-based intervention lasted 7 weeks and included activities using different ICT resources. Results: There are significant statistical differences between the experimental group and the control group. Students who experimented through gamification, show better results. Conclusion: A correct pedagogical intervention mediated by ICTs and applying gamification, motivates students to improve their learning.

Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar las estrategias didácticas usadas en las sesiones de aprendizaje del área de comunicación para desarrollar el pensamiento crítico en estudiantes de educación secundaria de instituciones educativas de la jurisdicción de Ocros. El desarrollo del aprendizaje en el siglo XXI exige que sus estudiantes desarrollen altos niveles de pensamiento y creatividad, utilizando diversas estrategias pedagógicas por parte de la comunidad docente. Metodología. Se utilizaron los diseños cuantitativo y cualitativo, por lo tanto, este estudio se caracteriza por ser de naturaleza mixta; triangulándose no solo datos, eventos y entrevistas aisladas, sino también el análisis y la reflexión pedagógica. Se utilizaron los diseños cuantitativo y cualitativo, los cuales permiten analizar e inferir cómo los docentes de la provincia de Ocros-Huaraz-Perú desarrollan la gestión del aula. Resultados y conclusión. El pensamiento crítico, en sus tres subcategorías: razonamiento, argumentación y toma de decisiones, permite afirmar que los docentes presentan fuertes debilidades en su proceso de conducción de los aprendizajes y los estudiantes carecen de herramientas cognitivas que posibiliten realizar una lectura crítica.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the didactic strategies used in the learning sessions of the communication area to develop critical thinking in secondary school students of educational institutions in the jurisdiction of Ocros. The development of learning in the 21st century requires that students develop high levels of thought and creativity, using various pedagogical strategies by the teaching community. Methodology: Quantitative and qualitative designs were used so this study is characterized as being of a mixed nature, triangulating not only data, events and interviews, but also the pedagogical analysis and reflection. Quantitative and qualitative designs were used which allow analyzing and inferring how teachers in the province of Ocros-Huaraz-Peru develop classroom management. Results and conclusion: Critical thinking, in its three subcategories, reasoning, argumentation and decision-making, allows affirming that teachers have strong weaknesses in their process of conducting learning, and students lack cognitive tools that make it possible to carry out critical reading.

ABSTRACT Objectiv:e to analyze the relationship of anxiety and depression in the preoperative period with the presence of pain in the postoperative period. Method: cohort study conducted at a university hospital in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), between february and July 2017, with 65 patients. A collection instrument was elaborated for the demographic and clinical characteristics. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression; pain intensity was measured using the Verbal Numerical Scale. Data were submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: according to demographic and clinical characteristics, most patients were female, with a median age of 44 years and surgical specialty of the digestive tract. In the preoperative period, 31 (47.7%) had anxiety, and nine (13.8%), depression. None of the patients reported pain immediately prior to surgery. The incidence of moderate to severe postoperative pain was 32 (49.2%) patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of patients with postoperative pain in relation to the presence or absence of preoperative anxiety (p value <0.001). There is no statistically significant difference in the distribution of patients with postoperative pain in relation to the presence or absence of preoperative depression (0.733). In multivariate analysis, preoperative anxiety was a predictive factor for postoperative pain. Depression was not a predictive factor of postoperative pain. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that, regardless of the demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied sample, the presence of anxiety in patients in the preoperative period is a predictive factor of postoperative pain.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la relación de la ansiedad y la depresión en el período pre-operatorio con la presencia del dolor pre-operatorio. Método: estudio realizado en un hospital universitario en el estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil), entre febrero y julio de 2017, con 65 pacientes. Se elaboró un instrumento de recolección para las características demográficas y clínicas. A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale se utilizó para evaluar la ansiedad y la depresión; La intensidad del dolor se midió utilizando la Escala Numérica Verbal. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: según las características demográficas y clínicas, la mayoría de los pacientes eran mujeres, con una edad media de 44 años y especialidad quirúrgica del tracto digestivo. En el período pre-operatorio, 31 (47.7%) tenían ansiedad y nueve (13.8%), depresión. Ninguno de los pacientes informó dolor inmediatamente antes de la cirugía. La incidencia de dolor pos-operatorio moderado a intenso fue de 32 (49,2%) pacientes. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la distribución de pacientes con dolor pos-operatorio en relación con la presencia o ausencia de ansiedad pre-operatoria (valor de p <0,001). No existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la distribución de pacientes con dolor pos-operatorio en relación con la presencia o ausencia de depresión pre-operatoria (0.733). En el análisis multivariable, la ansiedad pre-operatoria fue un factor predictivo para el dolor pos-operatorio. La depresión no fue un predictor de dolor pos-operatorio. Conclusión: se demostró que, independientemente de las características demográficas y clínicas de la muestra estudiada, la presencia de ansiedad en pacientes en el período pre-operatorio es un factor predictivo de dolor pos-operatorio.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação da ansiedade e da depressão no período pré-operatório com a presença da dor no período pós-operatório. Método: estudo de coorte realizado em um hospital universitário do estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil), entre fevereiro e julho de 2017, com 65 pacientes. Foi elaborado um instrumento de coleta para as características demográficas e clínicas. A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale foi utilizada para avaliar a ansiedade e a depressão; a intensidade da dor foi medida por meio da Escala Numérica Verbal. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: segundo as características demográficas e clínicas, a maioria dos pacientes era do gênero feminino, com mediana de idade de 44 anos e especialidade cirúrgica do aparelho digestivo. No período pré-operatório, 31 (47,7%) apresentavam ansiedade, e nove (13,8%), depressão. Nenhum dos pacientes relatou dor no momento imediatamente anterior à cirurgia. A incidência de dor moderada a severa no período pós-operatório foi de 32 (49,2%) pacientes. Existiu diferença estatisticamente significativa na distribuição de pacientes com dor pós-operatória em relação à presença ou não da ansiedade pré-operatória (valor p<0,001). Não existe diferença estatisticamente significativa na distribuição dos pacientes com dor no período pós-operatório em relação à presença ou não da depressão pré-operatória (0,733). Na análise multivariada, a ansiedade pré-operatória foi um fator preditivo para dor pós-operatória. A depressão não foi um fator preditivo da dor pós-operatória. Conclusão: foi demonstrado que, independentemente das características demográficas e clínicas da amostra estudada, a presença da ansiedade nos pacientes no período pré-operatório é um fator preditivo da dor no período pós-operatório.

Summary The advancement of technology in the world causes, among other aspects, the handling of important information, which can be considered as fundamental for the strategic interests of companies. The objective of the research was to analyze the influence of the application of ISO 27001 on the information security of a private company in Lima (Peru). Based on the application of a quantitative methodology, a pre-experimental study was used in which the influence of the application of ISO 27001 was determined. To this end, a sample of 30 employees of the company was considered. The quantitative conclusion shows that there is an influence of the application of ISO on information security and the dimensions of confidentiality, integrity and availability.

Resumen El avance de la tecnología en el mundo provoca, entre otros aspectos, el manejo de importante información la misma que puede considerarse como fundamental para los intereses estratégicos de las empresas. La investigación tuvo como objetivo el analizar la influencia de la aplicación del ISO 27001 en la seguridad de la información de una empresa privada de Lima (Perú). A partir de la aplicación de una metodología cuantitativa, se empleó un estudio pre experimental en el que se determinó la influencia de la aplicación del ISO 27001.Para ello se consideró a una muestra de 30 colaboradores de la empresa. La conclusión cuantitativa muestra que si existe una influencia de la aplicación del ISO en la seguridad de la información y en las dimensiones confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad.